Welcome back, scholars. Today's topic covers political science and the importance behind it. It was my major, it fueled me to success including studying at universities such as Princeton, Vanderbilt, Michigan and Ohio State. From the perspective of one with a JD, LLM, MSF and Bachelor of Arts in Political Science with practicing in the fields of Constitutional, Criminal, Civil Rights and Corporate Law. Let's start with not only political words but terms and controversial laws as well as I'll also cover the constitution.
Here are 25 political science words, cases & political terms, along with their definitions in depth:
Political Science Words
1. Fatalism: The belief that all events are predetermined and inevitable, rendering human effort powerless to change the future.
2. Determinism: The doctrine that all events, including human actions, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will.
3. Gaslighting: A form of psychological manipulation where a person or group makes someone question their reality, memory, or perceptions.
4. Austromarxism: A theoretical framework that combines Marxist analysis with the specific conditions of Austria, emphasizing gradual social reform.
5. Demagogue: A political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument.
6. Fascism: A far-right, authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
7. Lobbying: The act of attempting to influence the decisions of government officials, typically by special interest groups.
8. Bellwether: An indicator or predictor of future trends, often used in politics to describe a state or district that tends to vote for the winning candidate.
9. Autocracy: A system of government in which one person has absolute power.
10. Authoritarianism: A political system characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
11. Oligarchy: A form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.
12. Populism: A political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.
13. Totalitarianism: A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
14. Anarchism: A political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions.
15. Sovereignty: Supreme power or authority, especially regarding a state's independence and control over its territory.
16. Federalism: A system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.
17. Republicanism: A political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic, where the people hold popular sovereignty.
18. Socialism: A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.
19. Communism: A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating for a classless society in which all property is publicly owned.
20. Liberalism: A political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law.
21. Conservatism: A political and social philosophy promoting traditional institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
22. Nationalism: A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.
23. Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
24. Realism: A theory of international relations that emphasizes the competitive and conflictual side of international relations.
25. Idealism: A theory of international relations that emphasizes international law, morality, and international organizations, rather than power alone, as key influences on international events.
Political Terms:
1. Steel Man Argument: The practice of refuting the strongest version of an opponent's argument, rather than the weakest (straw man).
2. Straw Man Argument: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
3. Strongman Politics: A political system where a leader uses authoritarian methods to maintain control and suppress opposition.
4. Libertarianism: A political philosophy advocating for minimal state intervention in the lives of citizens and maximum individual freedom.
5. Gerrymandering: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political advantage.
6. Filibuster: A political procedure where one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate to delay or prevent a decision.
7. Bipartisanship: Cooperation between two opposing political parties.
8. Caucus: A meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement.
9. Incumbent: The current holder of a political office.
10. Pork Barrel: Government spending for localized projects secured primarily to bring money to a representative's district.
11. Whip: A party official responsible for ensuring party discipline and securing votes for legislation.
12. Referendum: A direct vote by the electorate on a specific proposal or issue.
13. Impeachment: The process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official.
14. Constituency: A body of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body.
15. Pluralism: A condition or system in which multiple groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist.
16. Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections.
17. Bureaucracy: A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
18. Coalition: An alliance for combined action, especially a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government.
19. Mandate: The authority granted by a constituency to act as its representative.
20. Plebiscite: A direct vote by the electorate on an important public question.
21. Quorum: The minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct the business of that group.
22. Recall: A procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before their term has ended.
23. Sedition: Conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state.
24. Sovereign Immunity: The doctrine that the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.
25. Veto: The power of a president or governor to reject a bill proposed by a legislature by refusing to sign it into law.
I hope these definitions help deepen your understanding of political science and political terminology as we approach a full fledged idiocracy January 20th, 2025.
Controversial Amendments:
1. Thirteenth Amendment (1865):
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. This amendment was a significant step towards ending the institution of slavery in the United States, but its exception clause has been criticized for allowing forced labor in the prison system.
2. Fourteenth Amendment (1868):
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” This amendment was crucial in dismantling legal structures of white supremacy and has been the basis for many civil rights advancements.
3. Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This was a pivotal amendment in the fight against racial discrimination in voting, although its enforcement has been inconsistent.
4. Nineteenth Amendment (1920):
Granted women the right to vote. While not directly related to racial justice, it was a significant step towards equality and has intersected with the broader civil rights movement.
5. Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964):
Prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections, which were often used to disenfranchise Black voters in the South. This amendment was a critical measure in the fight against systemic racism in voting practices.
6. Twenty-Sixth Amendment (1971)
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. This amendment was controversial during its time, particularly during the Vietnam War, as it expanded the electorate to include younger voters who were often more progressive.
7. Second Amendment (1791):
Protects the right to keep and bear arms. This amendment is highly controversial due to differing interpretations about the extent of gun rights and the impact on public safety.
8. First Amendment (1791):
Protects freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. Controversies often arise around the limits of free speech, especially in cases involving hate speech and misinformation.
9. Eighth Amendment (1791):
Prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. Controversies include debates over the death penalty and prison conditions.
10. Tenth Amendment (1791):
States that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution. This amendment is often cited in debates over states' rights versus federal authority, particularly in issues like civil rights and healthcare.
Castle Doctrine vs. Stand Your Ground:
Castle Doctrine:
The Castle Doctrine allows individuals to use reasonable force, including deadly force, to protect themselves against an intruder in their home. This doctrine is upheld in many states, including Texas, Florida, and California. It is based on the principle that one's home is a sanctuary and individuals have the right to defend it.
Stand Your Ground:
Stand Your Ground laws expand on the Castle Doctrine by removing the duty to retreat before using force in self-defense, even outside one's home. These laws are upheld in states like Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. They have been controversial due to cases where individuals have used deadly force in public spaces, leading to debates about racial bias and public safety.
Controversial Legal Cases:
#1. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
- Issue: Rights of the accused during police interrogations.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination before police questioning. This led to the creation of the "Miranda Rights."
2. Roe v. Wade (1973)
- Issue: Abortion rights.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that a woman's right to choose an abortion was protected by the privacy rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. This landmark decision legalized abortion nationwide.
3. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Issue: Racial segregation in public schools.
- Decision: The Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and white students to be unconstitutional, effectively ending racial segregation in schools.
4. Loving v. Virginia (1967)
- Issue: Interracial marriage.
- Decision: The Supreme Court struck down laws banning interracial marriage, ruling that they violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.
5. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
- Issue: Same-sex marriage.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage is a constitutional right under the Fourteenth Amendment, legalizing it nationwide.
6. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)
- Issue: Campaign finance.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited under the First Amendment, leading to significant changes in campaign finance laws.
7. Bush v. Gore (2000)
- Issue: Presidential election recount.
- Decision: The Supreme Court halted the Florida recount in the 2000 presidential election, effectively awarding the presidency to George W. Bush.
8. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Issue: Slavery and citizenship.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. This decision was a catalyst for the Civil War.
9. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Issue: Racial segregation.
- Decision: The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This decision was later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.
10. Korematsu v. United States (1944)
- Issue: Japanese-American internment during World War II.
- Decision: The Supreme Court upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a wartime necessity, a decision that has been widely criticized and later formally denounced by the Court.
11. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
- Issue: Right to privacy in marital relations.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy, striking down a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives by married couples.
12. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
- Issue: Affirmative action in college admissions.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that race could be one of several factors in college admission policy but rejected the use of racial quotas.
13. Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
- Issue: Same-sex sexual activity.
- Decision: The Supreme Court struck down sodomy laws in Texas, making same-sex sexual activity legal across the United States.
14. Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
- Issue: Voting Rights Act.
- Decision: The Supreme Court invalidated a key part of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required certain states and local governments to obtain federal preclearance before implementing any changes to their voting laws or practices.
15. New York Times Co. v. United States (1971):
- Issue: Freedom of the press.
- Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that the government could not prevent the New York Times or the Washington Post from publishing the classified Pentagon Papers, affirming the First Amendment right to freedom of the press.
Here are 15 essential books that every Political Science major or Political Science fan should read, along with brief summaries and a mini-essay on the Federalist Papers:
The Federalist Papers, a collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym “Publius,” were instrumental in promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Published between 1787 and 1788, these essays addressed the concerns of Anti-Federalists who opposed the new Constitution, arguing for a stronger central government to replace the weaker Articles of Confederation. The authors aimed to persuade the public and state legislators of the necessity of a robust federal system to ensure the nation’s stability and prosperity.
One of the most famous essays, Federalist No. 10, written by James Madison, discusses the dangers of factionalism and advocates for a large republic. Madison argues that a large, diverse republic would be better able to control factions and prevent any single group from gaining too much power. This essay highlights the importance of a representative democracy in protecting individual rights and maintaining social order.
Alexander Hamilton, in Federalist No. 78, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review, emphasizing the judiciary’s role in interpreting the Constitution and ensuring that laws align with constitutional principles. Hamilton’s vision of an independent judiciary underscores the importance of checks and balances in the new government structure. This essay has had a lasting impact on the development of the American legal system.
Federalist No. 51, also by Madison, elaborates on the need for separation of powers within the government. He explains how each branch of government must be independent and have sufficient power to check the others, preventing any one branch from becoming too dominant2. This principle of checks and balances is a cornerstone of the U.S. Constitution and has been crucial in maintaining the balance of power in American government.
John Jay, in Federalist No. 2, discusses the benefits of a unified nation under a single federal government. He argues that a strong union would provide better security, economic stability, and international standing. Jay’s essays emphasize the practical advantages of a united states, appealing to the common interests of the American people.
In totality, The Federalist Papers provide a comprehensive defense of the new Constitution and articulate the philosophical and practical reasons for a strong federal government. They remain a vital resource for understanding the intentions of the Founding Fathers and the foundational principles of American democracy.
1. The Republic by Plato
- Summary: This foundational text explores justice, the ideal state, and the philosopher-king. Plato discusses the role of individuals and classes in society, advocating for a just society where rulers are wise and virtuous.
2. The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli
- Summary: Machiavelli offers pragmatic advice on political leadership and power. He argues that rulers must be cunning and ruthless to maintain control, often prioritizing power over morality.
3. Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes
- Summary: Hobbes describes the social contract and the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the chaos of the natural state. He argues for absolute sovereignty as the only way to ensure peace and security.
4. Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
- Summary: Locke outlines his theories of natural rights and government by consent. He argues against absolute monarchy and for the protection of life, liberty, and property.
5. The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Summary: Rousseau explores the concept of the general will and the idea that legitimate political authority comes from a social contract agreed upon by all citizens for their mutual benefit.
6. Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville
- Summary: Tocqueville analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of American democracy in the early 19th century, highlighting the importance of civil society and the potential dangers of majority tyranny.
7. On Liberty by John Stuart Mill
- Summary: Mill advocates for individual freedom and liberty, arguing that society should only restrict individual actions to prevent harm to others. He emphasizes the importance of free speech and diversity of thought.
8. The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
- Summary: This influential pamphlet calls for the overthrow of capitalist societies and the establishment of a classless, communist society. Marx and Engels critique the exploitation inherent in capitalism and advocate for proletarian revolution.
9. The Road to Serfdom by Friedrich Hayek
- Summary: Hayek warns against the dangers of central planning and totalitarianism, arguing that economic freedom is essential for political freedom. He contends that government intervention in the economy leads to loss of individual liberties.
10. The Origins of Totalitarianism by Hannah Arendt
- Summary: Arendt examines the rise of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century, focusing on Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. She explores the nature of totalitarianism and its impact on individuals and society.
11. The End of History and the Last Man by Francis Fukuyama
- Summary: Fukuyama argues that the end of the Cold War marks the endpoint of humanity's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of government.
12. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order by Samuel P. Huntington
- Summary: Huntington posits that future conflicts will be driven by cultural and civilizational differences rather than ideological or economic factors. He emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural identities in global politics.
13. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics by John Mearsheimer
- Summary: Mearsheimer presents the theory of offensive realism, arguing that great powers are inherently driven to seek dominance and that conflict is inevitable in the anarchic international system.
14. Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson:
- Summary: The authors explore the political and economic institutions that lead to prosperity or poverty. They argue that inclusive institutions foster economic success, while extractive institutions lead to failure.
15. The Power Broker by Robert Caro:
- Summary: This biography of Robert Moses, a powerful urban planner in New York, examines the use and abuse of political power. Caro highlights the impact of Moses's projects on the city's development and the lives of its residents.
Vital fun facts:
The capital of Alabama is Montgomery, Alaska’s capital is Juneau, Arizona’s capital is Phoenix, Arkansas’s capital is Little Rock, California’s capital is Sacramento, Colorado’s capital is Denver, Connecticut’s capital is Hartford, Delaware’s capital is Dover, Florida’s capital is Tallahassee, Georgia’s capital is Atlanta, Hawaii’s capital is Honolulu, Idaho’s capital is Boise, Illinois’s capital is Springfield, Indiana’s capital is Indianapolis, Iowa’s capital is Des Moines, Kansas’s capital is Topeka, Kentucky’s capital is Frankfort, Louisiana’s capital is Baton Rouge, Maine’s capital is Augusta, Maryland’s capital is Annapolis, Massachusetts’s capital is Boston, Michigan’s capital is Lansing, Minnesota’s capital is Saint Paul, Mississippi’s capital is Jackson, Missouri’s capital is Jefferson City, Montana’s capital is Helena, Nebraska’s capital is Lincoln, Nevada’s capital is Carson City, New Hampshire’s capital is Concord, New Jersey’s capital is Trenton, New Mexico’s capital is Santa Fe, New York’s capital is Albany, North Carolina’s capital is Raleigh, North Dakota’s capital is Bismarck, Ohio’s capital is Columbus, Oklahoma’s capital is Oklahoma City, Oregon’s capital is Salem, Pennsylvania’s capital is Harrisburg, Rhode Island’s capital is Providence, South Carolina’s capital is Columbia, South Dakota’s capital is Pierre, Tennessee’s capital is Nashville, Texas’s capital is Austin, Utah’s capital is Salt Lake City, Vermont’s capital is Montpelier, Virginia’s capital is Richmond, Washington’s capital is Olympia, West Virginia’s capital is Charleston, Wisconsin’s capital is Madison, and Wyoming’s capital is Cheyenne.
Important Military Camps
Army: Fort Bragg (North Carolina), Fort Hood (Texas), Fort Benning (Georgia), Fort Campbell (Kentucky/Tennessee), and Fort Bliss (Texas). Navy: Naval Station Norfolk (Virginia), Naval Base San Diego (California), Naval Station Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Naval Air Station Jacksonville (Florida), and Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay (Georgia). Air Force: Joint Base San Antonio (Texas), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio), Nellis Air Force Base (Nevada), Eglin Air Force Base (Florida), and Ramstein Air Base (Germany). Marine Corps: Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton (California), Marine Corps Base Quantico (Virginia), Marine Corps Air Station Miramar (California), Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (North Carolina), and Marine Corps Air Station Yuma (Arizona). Coast Guard: Coast Guard Base Alameda (California), Coast Guard Base Boston (Massachusetts), Coast Guard Base Miami Beach (Florida), Coast Guard Base Seattle (Washington), and Coast Guard Base Honolulu (Hawaii)
Key Headquarters
Federal Reserve: The headquarters is located in the Eccles Building in Washington, D.C.
World Health Organization (WHO): The headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.
Fraternal Order of Police: The national headquarters is in Nashville, Tennessee.
World Court (International Court of Justice): The headquarters is in The Hague, Netherlands.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): The headquarters is in Langley, Virginia.
Department of Justice (DOJ): The headquarters is in Washington, D.C.
Department of Defense (DOD): The headquarters is in the Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): The headquarters is in the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.
National Capital:
- Washington, D.C.
Top 10 Most Important Stocks on Wall Street
- Apple Inc. (AAPL): A leading technology company known for its innovative products like the iPhone, iPad, and Mac.
- Microsoft Corporation (MSFT): A major player in software, cloud computing, and personal computing.
- Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN): Dominates e-commerce and cloud computing through Amazon Web Services (AWS).
- Alphabet Inc. (GOOGL): The parent company of Google, a leader in online advertising and technology.
- Tesla Inc. (TSLA): A pioneer in electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions.
- NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA): Known for its graphics processing units (GPUs) and AI technology.
- Meta Platforms Inc. (META): Formerly Facebook, a giant in social media and virtual reality.
- Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (BRK.A): A conglomerate led by Warren Buffett, with diverse holdings in various industries.
- Johnson & Johnson (JNJ): A major player in pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and consumer health products.
- JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM): One of the largest and most influential financial institutions in the world
Corporations That Run America
- BlackRock, Inc.: The world’s largest asset manager, influencing numerous companies through its investments.
- Vanguard Group: Another major asset manager with significant holdings in many U.S. corporations.
- State Street Corporation: A key player in asset management, controlling a large portion of index funds.
- Amazon.com Inc.: Beyond e-commerce, Amazon’s influence extends to cloud computing, logistics, and media.
- Apple Inc.: A technology leader with a massive global presence and influence.
- Microsoft Corporation: Dominates software, cloud services, and enterprise solutions.
- Alphabet Inc.: Controls a significant portion of online advertising and digital services.
- Berkshire Hathaway Inc.: Through its diverse investments, it impacts various sectors of the economy.
- JPMorgan Chase & Co.: A financial powerhouse with extensive influence in banking and finance.
- Meta Platforms Inc.: Shapes social media, digital advertising, and emerging technologies like virtual reality.
1. Oldest Written Constitution
- The United States Constitution, adopted in 1787, is the oldest written national constitution still in use.
2. Shortest War in History
- The Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896 is the shortest war in history, lasting only 38 to 45 minutes.
3. First Female Head of State
- Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka became the world's first female prime minister in 1960.
4. Youngest Country
- South Sudan is the world's youngest country, gaining independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011.
5. Longest-Serving Current Monarch
- Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was the longest-serving current monarch until her passing in 2022, having ascended the throne in 1952.
6. First Democracy
- Ancient Athens is often considered the birthplace of democracy, where citizens could participate directly in decision-making.
7. Largest Democracy
- India is the world's largest democracy by population, with over 1.4 billion people.
8. First Written Law Code
- The Code of Hammurabi, dating back to around 1754 BC in ancient Mesopotamia, is one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes.
9. Most Common Form of Government
- Republics, where the head of state is elected, are the most common form of government in the world today.
10. First Political Party
- The Federalist Party, founded in the United States in the 1790s, is considered one of the first political parties.
11. Longest Constitution
- The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, with 448 articles.
12. First Use of the Term "Iron Curtain"
- Winston Churchill popularized the term "Iron Curtain" in a speech in 1946 to describe the division between Western Europe and the Soviet-controlled regions.
13. First Peacekeeping Mission
- The United Nations' first peacekeeping mission was in 1948, known as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East.
14. First Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, outlining fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
15. First Woman to Run for U.S. President
- Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for U.S. president in 1872, representing the Equal Rights Party.
Lastly, the highest endowments in the country:
- Harvard University: $49.5 billion
- Yale University: $40.7 billion
- Stanford University: $36.5 billion
- Princeton University: $34.1 billion
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): $23.5 billion
- University of Pennsylvania: $21.0 billion
- University of Notre Dame: $18.4 billion
- University of Texas at Austin: $17.9 billion
- Columbia University: $13.3 billion
- University of Michigan: $13 billion
- Northwestern University: $12.1 billion
- University of California Berkeley: $11.6 billion
- Duke University: $11.1 billion
- Washington University in St. Louis: $10.5 billion
- Vanderbilt University: $10.4 billion
- Emory University: $9.8 billion
- Cornell University: $9.7 billion
- University of Chicago: $9.6 billion
- University of Virginia: $9.5 billion
- Johns Hopkins University: $8.9 billion
- Rice University: $8.1 billion
- Dartmouth College: $7.9 billion
- University of Southern California: $7.8 billion
These facts provide a comprehensive foundation in political theory, history, and contemporary issues, essential for any Political Science major or anybody wanting to get their intellect up in a debate or casual conversation. It's important we understand politics and theology to push the envelope forward and recognize tyranny. Thanks for viewing!